Descriere proiect:
Extindere și diagnosticare rețea folosind switch-ul plug and play fără management Switch TP-LINK TL-SG105, 5 x 10/100/1000Mbps
Componente:
- Switch TP-LINK TL-SG105, 5 x 10/100/1000Mbps
- Print Server MFP TP-LINK TL-PS310U, 10/100, USB 2.0
- Linux Armbian for Tinkerboard
- Windows 7
- Putty
Schema retelei:
Diagnosticarea retelei din Linux: - In Linux am găsit o lista întreagă de unelte software pentru diagnosticarea și configurarea rețelei (Linux-network-configuration-and-troubleshooting-commands).
1. Primul utilitar este ifconfig care se folosește pentru a inițializa și configura o interfața de rețea :
2. Utilitarul PING (Packet INternet Groper) este folosit pentru a testa conectivitatea cu nodurile rețelei.
3. Utilitarul TRACEROUTE care arată numărul de noduri folosite pentru a ajunge la destinație si determină, de asemenea, căile de călătorie pentru pachete.
4. Utilitarul netstat este folosit pentru a afișa informațiile de conectivitate, căile de rutare și starea porturile. Pentru alte exemple vezi aici : 20-netstat-commands-for-linux-network-management
6. Utilitarul arp (Address Resolution Protocol) este folosit pentru vizualiza si adauga in tabela ARP . Mai multe informatii gasiti aici :Address_Resolution_Protocol
O zi bună tuturor !
Extindere și diagnosticare rețea folosind switch-ul plug and play fără management Switch TP-LINK TL-SG105, 5 x 10/100/1000Mbps
Componente:
- Switch TP-LINK TL-SG105, 5 x 10/100/1000Mbps
- Print Server MFP TP-LINK TL-PS310U, 10/100, USB 2.0
- Linux Armbian for Tinkerboard
- Windows 7
- Putty
Schema retelei:
Diagnosticarea retelei din Linux: - In Linux am găsit o lista întreagă de unelte software pentru diagnosticarea și configurarea rețelei (Linux-network-configuration-and-troubleshooting-commands).
1. Primul utilitar este ifconfig care se folosește pentru a inițializa și configura o interfața de rețea :
root@tinkerboard:~# ifconfig
dummy0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX
inet6 addr: fXXXX::XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX/XX Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:30 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:12000 (12.0 KB)
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX
inet addr:192.168.1.155 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: XXXX::XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX/XX Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:301252 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:356627 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:74589716 (74.5 MB) TX bytes:180768540 (180.7 MB)
Interrupt:44
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:10 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:10 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:489 (489.0 B) TX bytes:489 (489.0 B)
wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX
UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
2. Utilitarul PING (Packet INternet Groper) este folosit pentru a testa conectivitatea cu nodurile rețelei.
root@tinkerboard:~# ping -h
Usage: ping [-aAbBdDfhLnOqrRUvV] [-c count] [-i interval] [-I interface]
[-m mark] [-M pmtudisc_option] [-l preload] [-p pattern] [-Q tos]
[-s packetsize] [-S sndbuf] [-t ttl] [-T timestamp_option]
[-w deadline] [-W timeout] [hop1 ...] destination
root@tinkerboard:~# ping 192.168.1.156
PING 192.168.1.156 (192.168.1.156) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.156: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.28 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.156: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.533 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.156: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.496 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.156: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.634 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.156: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.515 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.156: icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=0.660 ms
^C
--- 192.168.1.156 ping statistics ---
6 packets transmitted, 6 received, 0% packet loss, time 5108ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.496/0.687/1.284/0.273 ms
3. Utilitarul TRACEROUTE care arată numărul de noduri folosite pentru a ajunge la destinație si determină, de asemenea, căile de călătorie pentru pachete.
root@tinkerboard:~# traceroute
Usage:
traceroute [ -46dFITnreAUDV ] [ -f first_ttl ] [ -g gate,... ] [ -i device ] [ -m max_ttl ] [ -N squeries ] [ -p port ] [ -t tos ] [ -l flow_label ] [ -w waittime ] [ -q nqueries ] [ -s src_addr ] [ -z sendwait ] [ --fwmark=num ] host [ packetlen ]
Options:
-4 Use IPv4
-6 Use IPv6
-d --debug Enable socket level debugging
-F --dont-fragment Do not fragment packets
-f first_ttl --first=first_ttl
Start from the first_ttl hop (instead from 1)
-g gate,... --gateway=gate,...
Route packets through the specified gateway
(maximum 8 for IPv4 and 127 for IPv6)
-I --icmp Use ICMP ECHO for tracerouting
-T --tcp Use TCP SYN for tracerouting (default port is 80)
-i device --interface=device
Specify a network interface to operate with
-m max_ttl --max-hops=max_ttl
Set the max number of hops (max TTL to be
reached). Default is 30
-N squeries --sim-queries=squeries
Set the number of probes to be tried
simultaneously (default is 16)
-n Do not resolve IP addresses to their domain names
-p port --port=port Set the destination port to use. It is either
initial udp port value for "default" method
(incremented by each probe, default is 33434), or
initial seq for "icmp" (incremented as well,
default from 1), or some constant destination
port for other methods (with default of 80 for
"tcp", 53 for "udp", etc.)
-t tos --tos=tos Set the TOS (IPv4 type of service) or TC (IPv6
traffic class) value for outgoing packets
-l flow_label --flowlabel=flow_label
Use specified flow_label for IPv6 packets
-w waittime --wait=waittime
Set the number of seconds to wait for response to
a probe (default is 5.0). Non-integer (float
point) values allowed too
-q nqueries --queries=nqueries
Set the number of probes per each hop. Default is
3
-r Bypass the normal routing and send directly to a
host on an attached network
-s src_addr --source=src_addr
Use source src_addr for outgoing packets
-z sendwait --sendwait=sendwait
Minimal time interval between probes (default 0).
If the value is more than 10, then it specifies a
number in milliseconds, else it is a number of
seconds (float point values allowed too)
-e --extensions Show ICMP extensions (if present), including MPLS
-A --as-path-lookups Perform AS path lookups in routing registries and
print results directly after the corresponding
addresses
-M name --module=name Use specified module (either builtin or external)
for traceroute operations. Most methods have
their shortcuts (`-I' means `-M icmp' etc.)
-O OPTS,... --options=OPTS,...
Use module-specific option OPTS for the
traceroute module. Several OPTS allowed,
separated by comma. If OPTS is "help", print info
about available options
--sport=num Use source port num for outgoing packets. Implies
`-N 1'
--fwmark=num Set firewall mark for outgoing packets
-U --udp Use UDP to particular port for tracerouting
(instead of increasing the port per each probe),
default port is 53
-UL Use UDPLITE for tracerouting (default dest port
is 53)
-D --dccp Use DCCP Request for tracerouting (default port
is 33434)
-P prot --protocol=prot Use raw packet of protocol prot for tracerouting
--mtu Discover MTU along the path being traced. Implies
`-F -N 1'
--back Guess the number of hops in the backward path and
print if it differs
-V --version Print version info and exit
--help Read this help and exit
Arguments:
+ host The host to traceroute to
packetlen The full packet length (default is the length of an IP
header plus 40). Can be ignored or increased to a minimal
allowed value
root@tinkerboard:~# traceroute 192.168.1.1
traceroute to 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
1 gateway (192.168.1.1) 0.660 ms 1.380 ms 1.643 ms
4. Utilitarul netstat este folosit pentru a afișa informațiile de conectivitate, căile de rutare și starea porturile. Pentru alte exemple vezi aici : 20-netstat-commands-for-linux-network-management
root@tinkerboard:~# netstat -h usage: netstat [-vWeenNcCF] [5. Utilitarul DIG (domain information groper) este folosit pentru a interoga diverse informatii DNS (Domain Name System). Mai multe informatii gasiti aici :10-linux-dig-domain-information-groper-commands-to-query-dns] -r netstat {-V|--version|-h|--help} netstat [-vWnNcaeol] [ ...] netstat { [-vWeenNac] -i | [-cWnNe] -M | -s } -r, --route display routing table -i, --interfaces display interface table -g, --groups display multicast group memberships -s, --statistics display networking statistics (like SNMP) -M, --masquerade display masqueraded connections -v, --verbose be verbose -W, --wide don't truncate IP addresses -n, --numeric don't resolve names --numeric-hosts don't resolve host names --numeric-ports don't resolve port names --numeric-users don't resolve user names -N, --symbolic resolve hardware names -e, --extend display other/more information -p, --programs display PID/Program name for sockets -c, --continuous continuous listing -l, --listening display listening server sockets -a, --all, --listening display all sockets (default: connected) -o, --timers display timers -F, --fib display Forwarding Information Base (default) -C, --cache display routing cache instead of FIB ={-t|--tcp} {-u|--udp} {-w|--raw} {-x|--unix} --ax25 --ipx --netrom =Use '-6|-4' or '-A ' or '-- '; default: inet List of possible address families (which support routing): inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6) ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP) x25 (CCITT X.25) root@tinkerboard:~# netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface default gateway 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 192.168.1.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
root@tinkerboard:~# dig -h
Usage: dig [@global-server] [domain] [q-type] [q-class] {q-opt}
{global-d-opt} host [@local-server] {local-d-opt}
[ host [@local-server] {local-d-opt} [...]]
Where: domain is in the Domain Name System
q-class is one of (in,hs,ch,...) [default: in]
q-type is one of (a,any,mx,ns,soa,hinfo,axfr,txt,...) [default:a]
(Use ixfr=version for type ixfr)
q-opt is one of:
-4 (use IPv4 query transport only)
-6 (use IPv6 query transport only)
-b address[#port] (bind to source address/port)
-c class (specify query class)
-f filename (batch mode)
-i (use IP6.INT for IPv6 reverse lookups)
-k keyfile (specify tsig key file)
-m (enable memory usage debugging)
-p port (specify port number)
-q name (specify query name)
-t type (specify query type)
-u (display times in usec instead of msec)
-x dot-notation (shortcut for reverse lookups)
-y [hmac:]name:key (specify named base64 tsig key)
d-opt is of the form +keyword[=value], where keyword is:
+[no]aaonly (Set AA flag in query (+[no]aaflag))
+[no]additional (Control display of additional section)
+[no]adflag (Set AD flag in query (default on))
+[no]all (Set or clear all display flags)
+[no]answer (Control display of answer section)
+[no]authority (Control display of authority section)
+[no]besteffort (Try to parse even illegal messages)
+bufsize=### (Set EDNS0 Max UDP packet size)
+[no]cdflag (Set checking disabled flag in query)
+[no]cl (Control display of class in records)
+[no]cmd (Control display of command line)
+[no]comments (Control display of comment lines)
+[no]crypto (Control display of cryptographic fields in records)
+[no]defname (Use search list (+[no]search))
+[no]dnssec (Request DNSSEC records)
+domain=### (Set default domainname)
+[no]edns[=###] (Set EDNS version) [0]
+ednsflags=### (Set EDNS flag bits)
+[no]ednsnegotiation (Set EDNS version negotiation)
+ednsopt=###[:value] (Send specified EDNS option)
+noednsopt (Clear list of +ednsopt options)
+[no]expire (Request time to expire)
+[no]fail (Don't try next server on SERVFAIL)
+[no]identify (ID responders in short answers)
+[no]ignore (Don't revert to TCP for TC responses.)
+[no]keepopen (Keep the TCP socket open between queries)
+[no]multiline (Print records in an expanded format)
+ndots=### (Set search NDOTS value)
+[no]nsid (Request Name Server ID)
+[no]nssearch (Search all authoritative nameservers)
+[no]onesoa (AXFR prints only one soa record)
+[no]opcode=[###] (Set the opcode of the request)
+[no]qr (Print question before sending)
+[no]question (Control display of question section)
+[no]recurse (Recursive mode)
+retry=### (Set number of UDP retries) [2]
+[no]rrcomments (Control display of per-record comments)
+[no]search (Set whether to use searchlist)
+[no]short (Display nothing except short
form of answer)
+[no]showsearch (Search with intermediate results)
+[no]split=## (Split hex/base64 fields into chunks)
+[no]stats (Control display of statistics)
+subnet=addr (Set edns-client-subnet option)
+[no]tcp (TCP mode (+[no]vc))
+time=### (Set query timeout) [5]
+[no]trace (Trace delegation down from root [+dnssec])
+tries=### (Set number of UDP attempts) [3]
+[no]ttlid (Control display of ttls in records)
+[no]vc (TCP mode (+[no]tcp))
global d-opts and servers (before host name) affect all queries.
local d-opts and servers (after host name) affect only that lookup.
-h (print help and exit)
-v (print version and exit)
root@tinkerboard:~# dig yahoo.com +short
98.138.252.38
98.139.180.180
206.190.39.42
6. Utilitarul arp (Address Resolution Protocol) este folosit pentru vizualiza si adauga in tabela ARP . Mai multe informatii gasiti aici :Address_Resolution_Protocol
root@tinkerboard:~# arp -h Usage: arp [-vn] [] [-i ] [-a] [ ] <-Display ARP cache arp [-v] [-i ] -d [pub] <-Delete ARP entry arp [-vnD] [ ] [-i ] -f [ ] <-Add entry from file arp [-v] [ ] [-i ] -s [temp] <-Add entry arp [-v] [ ] [-i ] -Ds [netmask ] pub <-''- -a display (all) hosts in alternative (BSD) style -s, --set set a new ARP entry -d, --delete delete a specified entry -v, --verbose be verbose -n, --numeric don't resolve names -i, --device specify network interface (e.g. eth0) -D, --use-device read from given device -A, -p, --protocol specify protocol family -f, --file read new entries from file or from /etc/ethers =Use '-H ' to specify hardware address type. Default: ether List of possible hardware types (which support ARP): ash (Ash) ether (Ethernet) ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE) arcnet (ARCnet) dlci (Frame Relay DLCI) fddi (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) hippi (HIPPI) irda (IrLAP) x25 (generic X.25) eui64 (Generic EUI-64) root@tinkerboard:~# arp -e Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface 192.168.1.156 ether XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX C eth0 192.168.1.6 ether XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX C eth0 192.168.1.3 ether XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX C eth0 gateway ether XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX C eth0
O zi bună tuturor !